Modern History - All lessons

Approach of the East India Company in India

• Modest Beginnings: The English East India Company initiated its Indian journey with humble origins, concentrating its trade activities in Surat until 1687.

• Diplomacy and War: While petitioning Mughal authorities, the Company adeptly blended trade, diplomacy, warfare, and territorial control around their factories.

• Failed Fortification: In 1625, Company's attempt to fortify Surat factory led to imprisonment by local Mughal authorities.

• Piratical Retaliation: English rivals' piratical attacks triggered Mughal retaliation, resulting in the imprisonment of Company's leadership and a substantial payment.

• Southern Expansion: Favorable conditions in the South, due to weak Indian governance, led to successful endeavors there.

• Shift to Madras: Opening a factory in Masulipatam in 1611, the English soon shifted focus to Madras, fortified as Fort St. George.

• Claiming Sovereignty: By the late 17th century, the English asserted full sovereignty over Madras, preparing for potential conflicts.

• Bombay's Rise: Bombay's strategic port became Company's headquarters on the West Coast, supplanting Surat, due to threats from Maratha power.

• Eastern Frontier: Company established a factory in Orissa in 1633, eventually expanding to Bengal and Bihar, creating fortified settlements.

• Political Shift: Success in trade and fortifications emboldened the Company, transitioning from humble petitioners to assertive players.

• Conflict and Clemency: Hostilities erupted with the Mughal Emperor in 1686, leading to expulsion from Bengal. Clemency was obtained by showcasing benefits to Indian trade.

• Resumption of Trade: Aurangzeb permitted trade's resumption, recognizing the Company's naval supremacy, upon payment of compensation.

• Zamindari Acquisition: In 1698, the Company acquired zamindari rights in Sutanati, Kalikata, and Govindpur, constructing Fort William.

• Expanded Privileges: An imperial farman in 1717 expanded privileges to Gujarat and the Deccan, foreshadowing Britain's future dominance.

• Nawabs' Rule: 18th century Bengal witnessed rule by Nawabs who curtailed English privileges, yet trade flourished despite protectionist measures in England.

• Fortified Centers: Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta emerged as English strongholds, fortified settlements with access to the sea.

• Strategic Sanctuaries: These strongholds provided escape routes to the sea and served as launching points for potential conquests.

• Urban Magnet: Over time, these settlements transformed into thriving cities, attracting Indian merchants and financiers due to commercial opportunities and regional instability.