Even though the Railways are the most pervasive mode of transport in India, it is road transport which received the maximum impetus in most of the postindependence period. Which of the following are the reasons for this?

1. Railways are cheap to operate but the associated capital costs are very high.

2. Given the geographic spread of human settlements, it is unrealistic that the railways alone can serve the needs of transport.

3. The per unit (tonne/km) cost of transport is cheaper in the road compared to rail transport.

4. Given the indivisible nature of the Railways, it is not always convenient for the population to avail it with the same ease as private cars, buses or twowheelers.

Select the correct answer by using codes given below:

I.A.S. (Pre) 1994