The Newspaper report that over 500 hectares of tribal land spread across 28 tribal settlements in Mohinitampuram forest division have already been “alienated’. A top forest official said, “First the tribals are duped out of their land holdings. Second, the families thus rendered landless are often forced to encroach further into the forests”.

On the basis of the information available in the paragraph, _______ is/are responsible for duping the tribals.